Interesting Concept from Chap15

Chapter fifteen was about cause and effect.  Cause and effect an be understood in the form of "B happened because A happened." A is the cause and B is the effect. We make a lot of cause and effect in our day lives. Like "There was traffic so I was late."

A concept mentioned in chapter fifteen was reversing cause and effect. Reversing a cause and effect is the incorrect way to do it. Reversing a cause an effect is when someone mistakenly think that the cause is caused by the effect when there is no back up support or evidence. There are other reasons that should be taken into consideration when evaluating a claim.
An example would be "I got in trouble that is why my parents got divorced." A lot of kids think that when their parents get divorced, it is because something that they did. But it is not exactly true. People get divorced for a lot of reasons.

Mission Critical

I found that the mission critical website was very useful on understanding arguments efficiently. The mission critical website discussed many of the various concepts we learned throughout the course. I thought it was a very good website to go to if you need help on a specific concept. They have information about arguments to appeals to fallacies. I found the section about fallacies very helpful. Since it is important to know how to build efficient arguments, it is important to understand all the different kind of fallacies. The website also offer helpful exercises to practice these different concepts. You can take the questions exams to help further expand your knowledge of these concepts. If you are having any kind of trouble, these exercises would be it easy to understand. Overall this website would help make your arguments stronger. There are a lot of good information and exercises. I would definitely recommend this website to anyone having trouble with arguments.

Cause & Effect Website

I thought that the cause and effect website reading and exercises was useful in many different ways. I found out and learned some useful information on casual arguments. A casual argument strengths comes from three different factors which are how acceptable the implied comparison is, how likely the the case for causation is, and how credible the significant difference is. Understanding these three factors would help with the concept. It is super important to know these three factors and how they work in an argument. You have to understand how acceptable the comparison is, the basic similarity has to be strong enough and realistic. Then question is the case, to see if the argument is likely. And then question the difference between the comparison.
The exercises were also useful because got to see these concepts from the reading implied to different situations. It always help when you get to use and see what you just learned in a situation or example.

Slippery Slope

I decided to discuss he concept of Slippery Slope for the concept that I have not yet discussed. Slippery slope is the concept that once one things happens than it would lead to series of other events in a chain reaction. Usually the events have no importance to the argument or main claim. I think that we hear a lot of slipper slope claims when we get lectured by our parents. Like if we start doing this bad thing, it will lead to this.
Slippery slope is the problem with most arguments and claims. Slippery Slope can be broken down to the form of "If A happens then B will happen." Most of time, A and B has nothing do with each other, which makes an argument weak. To fix this, you have to make sure that A ad B are relevant to each other and are not just jumping to conclusions.

Reasoning by Analogy

After reading through all the different type of reasoning and coming up with real world examples, I found that reasoning by analogy was the hardest to understand. The link that went to wikipedia, gave a definition but it was still more difficult to understand.
After researching reasoning by analogy online I found that basically reasoning by analogy is a statement of a logical statement comparing two similar items or objects.

Can be understood by summarizing it to the argument by analogy can be presented in the form of the equation "A is like B"
In reasoning by analogy, you have to find different and similar characteristics is shared between two or more objects. One with the distinct differences and similarities, you have to make a comparison. The similarities has to be strong enough to stand alone as premises. You then also have to find a principle that covers the two different sides.

Reasoning

Reasoning by Analogy
Premise one: Dustin likes to skateboard.
Premise two: Allen likes to skateboard.
Conclusion: Everyone likes to skateboard.

Sign Reasoning
Premise: The room filled with sunlight.
Conclusion: It must be morning.

Casual Reasoning
Premise one: Burger King closes at seven o'clock
Premise two: It is eight o'clock
Conclusion: Burger King is closed for the day.

Reasoning by Criteria
Example: Mandy is super girly and likes flowers. You should get her something with a floral print on it.

Reasoning by Example
Taylor is super talented with the guitar because she took lots of lessons. If you want to be good with an instrument like Taylor, you would have to practice.

Inductive Reasoning
Premise one: Christian goes jogging every morning.
Conclusion: Christian will go jogging tomorrow morning.

Deductive Reasoning
Premise one: All new employees has to report to the store for orientation on Thursday.
Premise two: Matthew is a new employee.
Conclusion: Matthew has to report to the store for orientation on Thursday.

Appeal to Vanity

One of the other types of Appeal to Emotion, was appeal to vanity. Appeal to vanity is basically appealing to beauty and the want for it. I think especially for young teenagers and adults this is a useful form of appeal to emotion. Appeal to vanity is widely found in materialistic ads for things like makeup and clothes. The ads would show the "beauty" that comes with a certain product, often implying the message: if you wear these clothes or if you wear these makeup then you can be beautiful. Vanity is a strong source of motivation in our generation. The need to fit in and look good  has a huge influence over young people. Peer pressure to be a certain type or look a certain way ha a huge role over choices. Appeal to Vanity has a huge impact on how our generation think and act. That's why those ads that appeal to vanity has such a strong impact on young people.

Objective 3

A lot of advertisements uses a range of the concept "appeal to emotion." By appealing to a certain emotion in a piece of advertisement, people can easier to persuade a certain way. Some advertisement uses the Appeal to fear, to persuade people to buy a certain product or to join a cause or belief. 

For example this ad appeals to fear.
http://www.stanford.edu/class/linguist34/advertisements/fear%20ads/pages/rogaine_jpg.htm
It's a Rogaine ad for men who want better fuller hair that will keep on growing. The ads appeal to fear by comparing the consumer to older men in their lives who lost their hair. This will scare the consumer into buying the product to avoid hair lost.
A lot of ads especially ones for consumer beauty products or medical ad campaign use the appeal to fear tactic. Because fear leaves the consumer with doubt and worry, they are more likely to buy into the product. Fear is a great motivation in advertisement as well as arguments.

APPEAL TO EMOTION

Appealing to emotion is a great way to add support to a claim or an argument. Appeal to emotion is basically something that brings up a certain emotion. Because emotions has a large play in reasoning. For example, a lot of advertisement ads appeal to the emotion of happiness and excitement. The ads usually uses upbeat music to draw you in and show that the product can bring you happiness. So the appeal to happiness can persuade someone to buy something. Happiness is just one of the types of appeal to emotions, others including appeal to fear or appeal to pity.
Appeal to pity, is the type that caught my attention the most. A lot of organization usually appeal to pity, as way to convince people to join a cause. PETA, uses a lot of ads and strong words in their website that would strike apply to appeal to pity. Pity can cause people to feel empathy and make it easier to persuade them a certain way.